Introduction Acute mastoiditis is a bacterial infection of the mastoid air cells, typically occurring as a complication of acute otitis media (AOM). It can lead to serious intracranial and extracranial complications if left untreated. Etiology The most common pathogens include: Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus) Haemophilus influenzae Moraxella catarrhalis Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA […]
Introduction: Kawasaki disease (KD), also known as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, is a systemic vasculitis primarily affecting medium-sized arteries. It is the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children in developed countries. If untreated, it can lead to serious cardiovascular complications, including coronary artery aneurysms. Etiology: The exact cause of Kawasaki disease is […]
Introduction Lasmiditan is a new-generation medication used for the acute treatment of migraine. It is distinct from traditional triptans because it does not cause vasoconstriction, making it a safer option for patients with cardiovascular disease. Class of Drugs 🔹 Selective 5-HT1F Receptor Agonist (Ditans) Lasmiditan is the first-in-class 5-hydroxytryptamine1F (5-HT1F) receptor agonist to win FDA […]
Introduction Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, leading to significant changes in personality, behavior, and language. Unlike other dementias, FTD often presents at a younger age, typically between 45 and 65 years. Etiology The exact cause of FTD is […]
Introduction Lyme disease is a multisystemic infectious disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, transmitted through the bite of infected Ixodes ticks (black-legged or deer ticks). It is the most common tick-borne illness in the United States and Europe and can cause dermatologic, neurologic, cardiac, and musculoskeletal complications. Etiology Causative Agent: Borrelia burgdorferi (in North […]
Introduction Middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction is the most common type of ischemic stroke, resulting from blockage of the MCA, which supplies large portions of the cerebral cortex involved in motor, sensory, and language function. MCA strokes cause significant morbidity and are considered neurological emergencies requiring immediate management. Etiology Atherosclerosis and thromboembolism (most common cause): […]
Introduction Erythema nodosum (EN) is an acute inflammatory condition characterized by painful, red, tender nodules or plaques, most commonly found on the anterior shins. It is often a reactional process associated with systemic diseases, infections, or medications. Etiology Infectious Causes: Bacterial: Streptococcal infections (most common), tuberculosis, Yersinia, Brucella. Viral: Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis B, HIV. Fungal: […]
Introduction Roseola infantum, also known as sixth disease, is a common viral exanthem of early childhood characterized by a high fever followed by a sudden rash once the fever resolves. It is typically a self-limiting illness and primarily affects infants and young children.Its alternative name, exanthem subitum, means “sudden” rash. Etiology Caused by human herpesvirus […]
