Introduction: Intrapartum Group B Streptococcus (GBS) antibiotic prophylaxis is a preventive treatment given during labor to reduce the risk of neonatal GBS infection. Group B Streptococcus is a common bacterium that colonizes the genital and gastrointestinal tracts of women and can be transmitted to the neonate during delivery, potentially causing sepsis, pneumonia, or meningitis. Epidemiology: […]

Purpose: Pelvic ultrasound is the most accurate method for determining gestational age, especially in early pregnancy, by measuring embryonic or fetal structures. Key Points: 1.Timing: First Trimester (≤13 weeks 6 days): First-trimester sonographic assessment is the most accurate gestational age predictor. Measurements include: Crown-Rump Length (CRL): The gold standard in early pregnancy. Gestational Sac Diameter: […]

Introduction: Turner syndrome is a disorder in females characterized by the absence of all or part of a normal second sex chromosome. Most affected fetuses are spontaneously aborted, accounting for about 10% of all spontaneous abortions.  Genetic Defect: Patients with the classic syndrome (about 50% of cases) lack one of the two X chromosomes (45,XO […]

Introduction: Edward’s syndrome, also known as Trisomy 18, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 18. It is associated with severe developmental delays, congenital anomalies, and high mortality, often within the first year of life. Etiology Caused by nondisjunction of chromosome 18 during meiosis, leading to a full extra copy […]

Introduction Choledocholithiasis refers to the presence of stones in the common bile duct (CBD). These stones can lead to biliary obstruction, cholangitis, or pancreatitis, necessitating timely diagnosis and management. The most common cause of obstructive jaundice is a bile duct stone. Etiology Primary stones: Form within the bile duct, usually pigment stones, associated with stasis, […]

Introduction Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of liver disorders characterized by excessive fat accumulation (>5% of hepatocytes) in the liver in the absence of significant alcohol consumption or secondary causes of fat accumulation. It encompasses simple steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Etiology Insulin […]

Introduction Hepatic Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome (HSOS), formerly known as veno-occlusive disease (VOD), is a condition marked by obstruction of small hepatic veins and sinusoids. This leads to liver dysfunction, portal hypertension, and systemic complications. It often occurs after chemotherapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Etiology Primary Causes: Chemotherapy/Radiotherapy: Particularly alkylating agents (e.g., cyclophosphamide, busulfan). […]

Introduction Obstruction of the common bile duct (CBD) occurs when the flow of bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum is blocked. This can lead to biliary stasis, jaundice, and potential complications such as cholangitis or pancreatitis. Etiology 1.Gallstones (choledocholithiasis): Most common cause. Choledocholithiasis refers to the presence of gallstones in the common […]

SUPERStudy: Hepatorenal Syndrome (HRS) Introduction Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a functional renal failure occurring in patients with severe liver disease, such as cirrhosis, advanced liver failure, or fulminant hepatic failure. It is characterized by renal vasoconstriction and impaired renal function without intrinsic kidney disease. Etiology Primary Causes: Advanced liver cirrhosis. Acute liver failure. Triggers: Spontaneous […]