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SUPERStudy: Ventricular Septal Defect
Introduction: Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole in the wall that separates the right and left ventricles of the heart, resulting in shunt formation. – They are the most prevalent congenital cardiac anomaly in children and the second most common in adults, surpassed only by bicuspid aortic valves. Etiology: can occur with other congenital […]
SUPERStudy: Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
Introduction: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a persistence of the in utero communication between the aortic and pulmonary arteries after birth causing a left-to-right shunt. Risk factors: Maternal rubella infection; prematurity; high altitude, genetic problems such as Down syndrome Pathophysiology: In the fetal circulation, superior vena cava blood enters the right atrium and characteristically […]
SUPERStudy: VACTERL Association
Introduction VACTERL association is a nonrandom constellation of congenital anomalies involving multiple organ systems. The acronym stands for: V: Vertebral anomalies A: Anal atresia C: Cardiac defects T: Tracheoesophageal fistula E: Esophageal atresia R: Renal anomalies L: Limb defects Patients often present with at least three of these anomalies, without a unifying genetic or environmental […]
SUPERStudy: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)
from www.supertestscores.com Introduction: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a group of autosomal dominant and recessive disorders of lipoprotein metabolism characterized by strikingly elevated low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), the presence of xanthomas, and premature atherosclerosis. Epidemiology: Homozygous 1 in 1 million; Heterozygous 1 in 500 Pathogenesis: Pathogenic variations in the following four genes can cause FH: (1) […]
SUPERStudy: Vaccinations During Pregnancy
Purpose: Vaccinations during pregnancy aim to protect both the mother and the baby from serious infectious diseases. Maternal vaccination not only prevents complications during pregnancy but also provides passive immunity to the newborn through the placenta and breastmilk. Vaccinations are reviewed at the first prenatal visit. Ideally, a patient will be up to date on […]
Complete Molar Pregnancy
Introduction: Molar pregnancy is part of a spectrum of gestational trophoblastic tumors that include benign hydatidiform moles, locally invasive moles, and choriocarcinoma. Hydatidiform mole is the most common form of gestational trophoblastic disease and is benign in nature. Two distinct forms of hydatidiform mole exist: complete and partial moles. Complete molar pregnancy is characterized by […]
Cesarean Delivery in HIV-Positive Mothers
Overview: Cesarean delivery, also known as elective cesarean section (C-section), is a critical intervention to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV, especially in cases where viral suppression is not achieved. In women with viral loads exceeding 1000 RNA copies/mL, scheduled cesarean (prior to labor or rupture of membranes) has been shown to […]
Question on HS
Which of the following best explains the pathology of this disease? A.Defects in erythrocytic membrane proteins such as spectrin and actin, or other RBC membrane proteins. B. A single DNA base change leads to an amino acid substitution of valine for glutamate in the sixth position on the beta-globin chain. C.hereditary disorders characterized by reduction […]
Can you diagnose this condition?
A 10 day-old male baby was brought to the emergency room because he was irritable, crying constantly, and had a seizure an hour ago. He did not have any fever. Last night blood was noted with stool in his diaper. The birth was an uncomplicated vaginal delivery at home. He was exclusively breast fed since […]
What is hydrops fetalis?
Question: What is hydrops fetalis? A.5 genes responsible for the synthesis of the alpha-globulin protein in hemoglobin are defective B.4 genes responsible for the synthesis of the alpha-globulin protein in hemoglobin are defective C.3 genes responsible for the synthesis of the alpha-globulin protein in hemoglobin are defective D.2 genes responsible for the synthesis of the […]