Introduction: An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized ovum implants and grows outside the endometrium lining the uterine cavity, most commonly in the fallopian tube. It is the leading cause of pregnancy-related death in the first trimester.  Incidence:  approximately 2% of pregnancies Common Sites of Ectopic Pregnancy: 1.Fallopian tube (95-98%): Ampullary segment (most common); isthmus; […]

Introduction: Cervical incompetence refers to the inability of the cervix to maintain a pregnancy due to painless cervical dilatation in the absence of uterine contractions, leading to pregnancy loss or preterm birth, typically in the second trimester. Epidemiology: About three-fourths of spontaneous pregnancy losses (spontaneous abortions) occur before the 16th week Key Points: 1.Etiology: Congenital […]

Introduction: Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. It is one of the most common parasitic infections worldwide, often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals but potentially severe in immunocompromised patients and during congenital transmission. Epidemiology: In the United States, T gondii is estimated to infect 1.1 million persons each year Etiology and […]

Introduction: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a significant global health concern and can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy or delivery. Perinatal transmission is the most common mode of HBV acquisition in high-prevalence regions and poses a risk of chronic HBV infection in the newborn. Hepatitis B is typically transmitted by inoculation of […]

Introduction: Intrapartum Group B Streptococcus (GBS) antibiotic prophylaxis is a preventive treatment given during labor to reduce the risk of neonatal GBS infection. Group B Streptococcus is a common bacterium that colonizes the genital and gastrointestinal tracts of women and can be transmitted to the neonate during delivery, potentially causing sepsis, pneumonia, or meningitis. Epidemiology: […]

Purpose: Pelvic ultrasound is the most accurate method for determining gestational age, especially in early pregnancy, by measuring embryonic or fetal structures. Key Points: 1.Timing: First Trimester (≤13 weeks 6 days): First-trimester sonographic assessment is the most accurate gestational age predictor. Measurements include: Crown-Rump Length (CRL): The gold standard in early pregnancy. Gestational Sac Diameter: […]

Introduction: Turner syndrome is a disorder in females characterized by the absence of all or part of a normal second sex chromosome. Most affected fetuses are spontaneously aborted, accounting for about 10% of all spontaneous abortions.  Genetic Defect: Patients with the classic syndrome (about 50% of cases) lack one of the two X chromosomes (45,XO […]

Introduction: Edward’s syndrome, also known as Trisomy 18, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 18. It is associated with severe developmental delays, congenital anomalies, and high mortality, often within the first year of life. Etiology Caused by nondisjunction of chromosome 18 during meiosis, leading to a full extra copy […]

Introduction Choledocholithiasis refers to the presence of stones in the common bile duct (CBD). These stones can lead to biliary obstruction, cholangitis, or pancreatitis, necessitating timely diagnosis and management. The most common cause of obstructive jaundice is a bile duct stone. Etiology Primary stones: Form within the bile duct, usually pigment stones, associated with stasis, […]

Introduction Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of liver disorders characterized by excessive fat accumulation (>5% of hepatocytes) in the liver in the absence of significant alcohol consumption or secondary causes of fat accumulation. It encompasses simple steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Etiology Insulin […]