A 35-year-old male presents to the emergency department after falling onto his outstretched arm, resulting in a flexion-type supracondylar fracture of the humerus. On examination, he has weak wrist flexion and difficulty with wrist adduction. Additionally, he reports numbness in the medial hand, including the little and ring fingers. Which of the following is the most likely nerve injury in this patient?
A 25-year-old male presents to the emergency department after a fall onto his outstretched hand. He complains of pain and swelling in his upper arm. On examination, there is a visible deformity in the mid-shaft of the humerus. He also reports numbness and tingling along the medial aspect of his forearm and hand. Which nerve is most at risk of injury in this patient’s condition?
A 62-year-old woman presents with progressive difficulties in language and behavior over the past year. Initially, she began struggling to find the right words during conversations, frequently substituting vague terms like “thing” or “stuff” for specific words. Over time, she developed increasing difficulty understanding the meanings of everyday words, such as “fork” or “chair,” often asking others to explain them. Her family also reports significant changes in her social behavior. She has become withdrawn, showing little interest in hobbies like reading or gardening. Additionally, she often fails to recognize familiar objects and faces, although her memory seems relatively intact. Medical History: •No significant past medical history •No family history of neurodegenerative disease Clinical Evaluation: •Mental Status Examination: •Alert and cooperative •Difficulty naming objects during confrontation naming tasks (anomia) •Impaired understanding of word meanings •Preserved fluency and grammar during speech, but frequent semantic paraphasias (e.g., substituting related but incorrect words) •Memory, visuospatial function, and executive function are intact •Neurological Examination: •No motor or sensory deficits •Normal gait and coordination Diagnostic Workup: •Neuropsychological Testing: Demonstrates significant deficits in semantic memory and word comprehension, with normal memory and executive function. Which of the following findings is most likely to be observed on neuroimaging of this patient?
A 25-week gestational age infant, weighing 700 grams, is screened at 7 weeks chronological age. The ophthalmologist diagnoses Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) with partial retinal detachment sparing the macula, located near the optic disc. The infant also has tortuous arteries and dilated veins in the posterior pole. What stage, zone, and additional feature of Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) are present in this infant?
A 26-week gestational age infant, weighing 850 grams at birth, is examined at 6 weeks chronological age. The ophthalmologist identifies a ridge with early fibrovascular proliferation extending into the vitreous in the region just beyond twice the distance from the optic disc to the macula. What stage and zone of Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) best describes this infant’s retinal findings?
A 26-week gestational age infant, born weighing 900 grams, undergoes an eye examination at 6 weeks of chronological age. The ophthalmologist diagnoses Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) with Zone II, Stage 2 disease, and no plus disease. What does “Stage 2” indicate in the classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)?
A preterm infant born at 29 weeks gestational age, weighing 1,300 grams, is screened at 5 weeks chronological age in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The ophthalmologist notes a flat, white line separating the vascularized retina from the avascular retina in the temporal periphery of both eyes. What stage and zone of Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is most consistent with this infant’s findings?
A 26-week preterm infant weighing 900 grams is diagnosed with stage 3 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) with plus disease. The ophthalmologist recommends laser photocoagulation to prevent retinal detachment. What is the primary goal of laser photocoagulation in the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)?
A 30-week preterm infant weighing 1,500 grams is now 6 weeks old. The neonatologist schedules a retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening. The ophthalmologist uses indirect ophthalmoscopy to examine the retina. At what postmenstrual age should screening for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) typically begin in preterm infants?
A 28-week gestational age preterm infant, weighing 1,100 grams at birth, is now 4 weeks old (chronological age) and being screened in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The infant was exposed to supplemental oxygen for 3 weeks due to respiratory distress syndrome. What is the most controllable critical risk factor for the development of Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) in this infant?