Mrs. Johnson is a 78-year-old woman with a history of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, insomnia, and anxiety. She presents to her primary care physician complaining of intermittent dizziness and a spinning sensation (vertigo) for the past two weeks. She describes feeling unsteady on her feet, particularly when standing up or turning her head quickly. Her current medications include lisinopril (for hypertension), metformin (for diabetes), zolpidem (for insomnia), lorazepam (for anxiety), and over-the-counter diphenhydramine (for occasional allergies). She takes all these medications daily, and her family reports she has seemed more forgetful lately. The physician suspects her symptoms may be related to polypharmacy, particularly involving central nervous system (CNS)-active medications. Question Which of the following medications is most likely contributing to Mrs. Johnson’s dizziness or vertigo?
