A 60-year-old man presents with slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, and muscle stiffness. Neurological examination reveals signs of Parkinson’s disease. His physician explains that the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the brain, including intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), contributes to the disease. Which of the following intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) is implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease?
A 40-year-old woman presents with muscle weakness, fatigue, and joint pain. Laboratory tests reveal elevated levels of antinuclear antibodies (ANA), and a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is made. Her physician explains that SLE involves the formation of autoantibodies against nuclear antigens, including intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). Which of the following nuclear proteins is an example of an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) often targeted by autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
A 55-year-old man presents with progressive memory loss, personality changes, and difficulty with language. Brain imaging shows cortical atrophy, and a biopsy reveals the presence of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques. His physician explains that these findings are consistent with Alzheimer’s disease, which involves the accumulation of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) in the brain. Which of the following proteins is an example of an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) implicated in Alzheimer’s disease?
Which of the following statements best describes the biochemical pathology of β-amyloid in Alzheimer’s disease?
Which of the following correctly describes the biochemical difference between PrP⁰C (normal prion protein) and PrP⁰Sc (pathogenic prion protein)?
Which of the following drugs inhibits cyclophilins and is used as an immunosuppressant in organ transplantation?
A 42-year-old man presents with progressive muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, and neurological symptoms including ataxia and cognitive impairment. A muscle biopsy shows ragged red fibers, and genetic testing confirms a mitochondrial disorder. Which of the following molecular chaperones plays a key role in mitochondrial protein folding and is crucial for maintaining mitochondrial function?
