A 54 year-old male is admitted to the hospital for an abdominal surgery. His current medications include digoxin, enalapril, ibuprofen and ketoconazole. He is on heparin for DVT prophylaxis. His laboratory tests reveal the following: random, non-fasting, serum glucose: 357 mg/dl (normal fasting glucose: 70 – 100 mg/dL; Random, non-fasting: <140 mg/dL) serum potassium 6.2 mEq/L (normal serum potassium: 3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L) You reviewed his medical records as you investigated the etiology of his hyperkalemia. Which of the following is a cause of hyperkalemia, because it inhibits potassium excretion from the body?
A 62 year-old man comes to your office with a pulmonary disorder. You wanted to review his medications as you investigate the etiology of his disease. His current medications include metoprolol, lisinopril, hydralazine, cyclophosphamide, and amiodarone. Of the following, which medication is known to cause chronic cough?
A 32 year-old female who has recently been diagnosed with hypertension came to your office to get started on antihypertensive therapy. She googled about different medications used for hypertension and would like to get started on lisinopril. Her future plans include having one more child and to start a career as a commercial truck driver. As part of patient education, which of the following information should be given to this patient?
A 58-year-old male has come to your primary care center for establishment of care. His medical problems include heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and hypertension. As you review his medications, you want to make sure he is on the right medications which would be beneficial in the long run. You initiated this patient on lisinopril. As part of patient education, you should inform this patient about which of the following adverse effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor?
A 58-year-old male has come to your primary care center for establishment of care. His medical problems include heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and hypertension. As you review his medications, you want to make sure he is on the right medications which would be beneficial in the long run. Which of the following medications are known to decrease mortality in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction?
A 58-year-old male has come to your primary care center for establishment of care. His medical problems include chronic systolic heart failure and hypertension. As you review his medications, you want to make sure he is on the right medications which would be beneficial in the long run. Which of the following medications are known to decrease mortality in patients with chronic heart failure?
A 66-year-old female is brought to the emergency room who has been suffering from substernal chest pain. Her ECG showed ST segment elevation. Laboratory tests reveal elevated troponin. Echocardiogram showed an ejection fraction of 35%. She was treated with coronary angioplasty and transferred to the recovery room. Of the following, which medication should be initiated in this patient that has proved to reduce mortality in post-myocardial infarction patients?
A 55 year-old man comes to your office with complaints of gradual breast enlargement over the past 3 months. He has mild tenderness in both breasts, more pronounced on the left side. He also describes psychological discomfort about his appearance, explaining the feelings of embarrassment. His medical history is significant for hypertension, chronic heart failure (NYHA Class II), and type 2 diabetes mellitus. His current medications include spironolactone, metoprolol, metformin, furosemide and aspirin. He does not consume alcohol excessively and denies use of anabolic steroids or recreational drugs. He has no family history of breast cancer or hormonal disorders. On physical examination, you notice a well-appearing male. His blood pressure is 128/80 mm Hg and heart rate is 72 bpm. He has enlarged breasts, but no discharge or lumps. There is mild tenderness on palpation of both breasts. There is no nipple retraction or discharge. Which of his current medications most likely caused his breast condition?
A 55 year-old male comes to your office for the management of hypertension, chronic heart failure and type 2 diabetes mellitus. His current medications include spironolactone, metformin, metoprolol and furosemide. While you discuss spironolactone, he asks you about the common side effects of spironolactone he should be aware of. Which of the following common side effects is associated with spironolactone?
A 53 year-old woman with heart failure comes to your cardiology clinic for a follow up. She googled about aldosterone antagonists and got some information about their use in heart failure. Concerning aldosterone antagonists use in heart failure, which of the following is a true statement?
