A 26-week-old premature male infant, born at 850g birth weight, is undergoing routine ophthalmologic screening for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). The infant was managed in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for respiratory distress syndrome, requiring mechanical ventilation and oxygen therapy for the first two weeks of life.At 6 weeks postnatal age, an indirect ophthalmoscopy examination reveals abnormal vascular proliferation with fibrovascular ridges in Zone II of both eyes. Retinal vessels appear tortuous and dilated, suggesting Plus Disease.Which of the following is the first-line treatment for severe ROP (Stage 3 or higher)?

A 28-week-old female infant, born at 26 weeks gestational age via emergency cesarean section due to maternal preeclampsia, is currently in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Her birth weight was 950 grams, classifying her as extremely low birth weight (ELBW). The infant’s mother has no significant ocular history, and there is no family history of congenital blindness or retinal disorders. The infant has been in the NICU for 6 weeks postnatal age, receiving parenteral nutrition initially and now transitioning to enteral feeds. She has had stable weight gain but remains below the 10th percentile for corrected gestational age. Presentation: At 6 weeks postnatal age (32 weeks corrected gestational age), a routine ophthalmologic screening is performed as per NICU protocol for preterm infants born before 31 weeks gestation or with a birth weight less than 1500 grams. The ophthalmologist detects Retinopathy of prematurity as shown in the image. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of ROP?