A 27-year-old woman, at 24 weeks of gestation, presents to her obstetrician with mild fatigue and low-grade fever for the past week. She denies respiratory symptoms but reports occasional headaches and lymph node swelling in her neck. She has no significant medical history and is not on any medications. She has a pet cat at home. Physical examination reveals palpable, non-tender cervical lymphadenopathy. She is concerned about the risk of congenital toxoplasmosis to her fetus. Which triad of symptoms is most characteristic of congenital toxoplasmosis?

A 29-year-old woman, at 24 weeks of gestation, presents to her obstetrician with mild fatigue and low-grade fever for the past week. She denies respiratory symptoms but reports occasional headaches and lymph node swelling in her neck. She has no significant medical history and is not on any medications. She has a pet cat at home. Physical examination reveals palpable, non-tender cervical lymphadenopathy. The rest of the physical examination, including fetal assessment, is unremarkable. Her serology is significant for positive IgG antibodies for Toxoplasma gondii, indicating past infection. What is the most common route of transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women?

A 26-year-old woman, gravida 1 para 0, presents to her obstetrician at 12 weeks of gestation for routine prenatal care. She has no significant medical history and reports feeling well, with no symptoms of fatigue, jaundice, or abdominal pain. Her family history is notable for hepatitis B in her mother. As part of routine prenatal testing, the patient’s hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is found to be positive. Further tests reveal the following: HBeAg: Positive HBV DNA Levels: 1,000,000 IU/mL Liver Function Tests: Normal (ALT and AST within normal limits). Why is maternal Hepatitis B viral DNA load important in pregnancy?

A 27-year-old woman, gravida 1 para 0, presents to her obstetrician at 12 weeks of gestation for routine prenatal care. She has no significant medical history and reports feeling well, with no symptoms of fatigue, jaundice, or abdominal pain. Her family history is notable for hepatitis B in her mother. As part of routine prenatal testing, the patient’s hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is found to be positive. Further tests reveal the following: HBeAg: Positive HBV DNA Levels: 1,000,000 IU/mL Liver Function Tests: Normal (ALT and AST within normal limits). Which medication is considered safe and effective for reducing maternal viral load in hepatitis B-positive pregnant women?

A 28-year-old woman, gravida 1 para 0, presents to her obstetrician at 12 weeks of gestation for routine prenatal care. She has no significant medical history and reports feeling well, with no symptoms of fatigue, jaundice, or abdominal pain. Her family history is notable for hepatitis B in her mother. As part of routine prenatal testing, the patient’s hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is found to be positive. Further tests reveal the following: HBeAg: Positive HBV DNA Levels: 1,000,000 IU/mL Liver Function Tests: Normal (ALT and AST within normal limits). What is the most effective strategy to prevent perinatal transmission of hepatitis B from a mother with a high viral load?

A 32-year-old pregnant woman at 36 weeks of gestation attends her routine prenatal visit. She was diagnosed with HIV during her first trimester and initiated on antiretroviral therapy (ART) with a combination of tenofovir, emtricitabine, and dolutegravir. Her prenatal course has been uneventful. There is no evidence of opportunistic infections or pregnancy-related complications. Clinical Assessment: Current viral load: 1,200 copies/mL. CD4 count: 500 cells/μL. At what gestational age is an elective cesarean delivery typically scheduled for an HIV-positive mother with a viral load >1,000 copies/mL?

A 32-year-old pregnant woman at 36 weeks of gestation attends her routine prenatal visit. She was diagnosed with HIV during her first trimester and initiated on antiretroviral therapy (ART) with a combination of tenofovir, emtricitabine, and dolutegravir. Her prenatal course has been uneventful. There is no evidence of opportunistic infections or pregnancy-related complications. In which scenario is a cesarean delivery most strongly recommended for an HIV-positive mother to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission?