Introduction: H2 receptor blockers are a class of medications that reduce stomach acid production by blocking histamine type 2 (H2) receptors on the gastric parietal cells. They are commonly used to treat acid-related gastrointestinal conditions such as ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and dyspepsia. Name of the Drug Class: H2 Receptor Antagonists (H2RAs) Drugs in […]

Introduction Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic condition characterized by the retrograde flow of stomach contents into the esophagus, causing symptoms like heartburn and regurgitation. Persistent acid exposure can lead to complications, including esophagitis, Barrett’s esophagus, and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Most common digestive disease. Types: Erosive esophagitis: Visible breaks in the distal esophageal mucosa on […]

Introduction Adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder is a benign, non-inflammatory condition characterized by hyperplastic changes in the gallbladder wall, including thickening and the formation of intramural diverticula (Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses). It is often asymptomatic and discovered incidentally on imaging. Etiology The exact cause of adenomyomatosis is unknown, but it is associated with chronic gallbladder inflammation and gallstones […]

Introduction Toxic megacolon is a life-threatening complication of colonic inflammation characterized by acute colonic dilation (≥6 cm) accompanied by systemic toxicity. It is most commonly associated with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as ulcerative colitis or infectious colitis caused by Clostridioides difficile or other pathogens. Etiology Inflammatory causes: Ulcerative colitis (most common). Crohn’s disease. Infectious […]

Introduction Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized by patchy, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract from the mouth to the anus. It commonly involves the terminal ileum and colon. Unlike ulcerative colitis, it is characterized by skip lesions and a relapsing-remitting course. Etiology Genetic […]

Introduction Definition: Congenital enteropeptidase deficiency (also known as congenital enterokinase deficiency) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder. Cause: Impaired protein digestion and absorption due to the absence or dysfunction of enteropeptidase, an enzyme produced by the duodenal mucosa. Etiology Genetic Cause: Mutations in the TMPRSS15 gene, which encodes enteropeptidase. Inheritance Pattern: Autosomal recessive. Epidemiology Prevalence: […]