Introduction Lasmiditan is a new-generation medication used for the acute treatment of migraine. It is distinct from traditional triptans because it does not cause vasoconstriction, making it a safer option for patients with cardiovascular disease. Class of Drugs 🔹 Selective 5-HT1F Receptor Agonist (Ditans) Lasmiditan is the first-in-class 5-hydroxytryptamine1F (5-HT1F) receptor agonist to win FDA […]
Introduction Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, leading to significant changes in personality, behavior, and language. Unlike other dementias, FTD often presents at a younger age, typically between 45 and 65 years. Etiology The exact cause of FTD is […]
Introduction Lyme disease is a multisystemic infectious disease caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, transmitted through the bite of infected Ixodes ticks (black-legged or deer ticks). It is the most common tick-borne illness in the United States and Europe and can cause dermatologic, neurologic, cardiac, and musculoskeletal complications. Etiology Causative Agent: Borrelia burgdorferi (in North […]
Introduction Middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction is the most common type of ischemic stroke, resulting from blockage of the MCA, which supplies large portions of the cerebral cortex involved in motor, sensory, and language function. MCA strokes cause significant morbidity and are considered neurological emergencies requiring immediate management. Etiology Atherosclerosis and thromboembolism (most common cause): […]
Introduction Erythema nodosum (EN) is an acute inflammatory condition characterized by painful, red, tender nodules or plaques, most commonly found on the anterior shins. It is often a reactional process associated with systemic diseases, infections, or medications. Etiology Infectious Causes: Bacterial: Streptococcal infections (most common), tuberculosis, Yersinia, Brucella. Viral: Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis B, HIV. Fungal: […]
Introduction Roseola infantum, also known as sixth disease, is a common viral exanthem of early childhood characterized by a high fever followed by a sudden rash once the fever resolves. It is typically a self-limiting illness and primarily affects infants and young children.Its alternative name, exanthem subitum, means “sudden” rash. Etiology Caused by human herpesvirus […]
Introduction: The two main types of urinary incontinence are stress incontinence and urge incontinence. Stress incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine that occurs during activities that increase intra-abdominal pressure, such as coughing, sneezing, laughing, or physical exertion. It is caused by weakened pelvic floor muscles and/or insufficient urethral sphincter function, leading to poor urethral […]
Introduction: Renal artery stenosis is the narrowing of one or both renal arteries or their branches, which may ultimately lead to kidney failure and hypertension. Etiology: The most common cause of renal artery stenosis is atherosclerosis followed by fibromuscular dysplasia.  Atherosclerotic: mostly men; Older patients; 80 – 90% of patients Fibromuscular: mostly women; Young Caucasian […]
Introduction Minimal Change Disease (MCD) is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children and is characterized by podocyte foot process effacement on electron microscopy without significant findings on light microscopy. It is often steroid-responsive and has a good prognosis. Etiology Idiopathic (most common) Secondary causes: Medications (NSAIDs, lithium) Malignancies (Hodgkin’s lymphoma) Infections (EBV, […]
