Introduction: Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole in the wall that separates the right and left ventricles of the heart, resulting in shunt formation. – They are the most prevalent congenital cardiac anomaly in children and the second most common in adults, surpassed only by bicuspid aortic valves. Etiology: can occur with other congenital […]
Introduction: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a persistence of the in utero communication between the aortic and pulmonary arteries after birth causing a left-to-right shunt. Risk factors: Maternal rubella infection; prematurity; high altitude, genetic problems such as Down syndrome Pathophysiology: In the fetal circulation, superior vena cava blood enters the right atrium and characteristically […]
from www.supertestscores.com Introduction: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a group of autosomal dominant and recessive disorders of lipoprotein metabolism characterized by strikingly elevated low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), the presence of xanthomas, and premature atherosclerosis. Epidemiology: Homozygous 1 in 1 million; Heterozygous 1 in 500 Pathogenesis: Pathogenic variations in the following four genes can cause FH: (1) […]
Purpose: Vaccinations during pregnancy aim to protect both the mother and the baby from serious infectious diseases. Maternal vaccination not only prevents complications during pregnancy but also provides passive immunity to the newborn through the placenta and breastmilk. Vaccinations are reviewed at the first prenatal visit. Ideally, a patient will be up to date on […]
A 10 day-old male baby was brought to the emergency room because he was irritable, crying constantly, and had a seizure an hour ago. He did not have any fever. Last night blood was noted with stool in his diaper. The birth was an uncomplicated vaginal delivery at home. He was exclusively breast fed since […]
Question: What is hydrops fetalis? A.5 genes responsible for the synthesis of the alpha-globulin protein in hemoglobin are defective B.4 genes responsible for the synthesis of the alpha-globulin protein in hemoglobin are defective C.3 genes responsible for the synthesis of the alpha-globulin protein in hemoglobin are defective D.2 genes responsible for the synthesis of the […]
A 62 year-old male was about to be discharged from the hospital. He was diagnosed with a stroke and was started on medications. He regained some of his strength in both upper and lower extremities but still has a visual field defect with loss of vision on the same side of both eyes. He has […]
