A 64 year-old male comes to the emergency room and reports that he developed chest pain, shortness of breath and palpitations for the last 6 hours. On further questioning, he reveals that over the last two days he has been drinking excessive amounts of alcohol in celebration of a friend’s birthday. His past medical history is significant only for GERD for which he takes omeprazole. ECG showed irregularly, irregular QRS complexes with no P waves. Laboratory tests revealed normal levels of troponin; elevated liver enzymes and normal renal function. After medical treatment, his condition has improved. He no longer has chest pain or shortness of breath. However, he is still experiencing episodes of palpitations. He is breathing comfortably on room air with oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry 97%. Blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg. Heart rate is 102 beats/min at rest. At the time of discharge, which of the following medications is indicated for this patient?

A 68-year-old male with a history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes presents to the clinic with complaints of intermittent palpitations, fatigue, and shortness of breath for the past week. He reports occasional episodes of dizziness but denies chest pain or syncope. The symptoms are more noticeable after mild exertion, such as climbing stairs. ECG Findings are significant for absence of P waves, irregular R-R intervals, and fibrillatory waves consistent with atrial fibrillation. You wanted to use CHA2DS2-VASc score as part of your management of this patient. What is the CHA2DS2-VASc score used to assess?

A 68-year-old male with a history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes presents to the clinic with complaints of intermittent palpitations, fatigue, and shortness of breath for the past week. He reports occasional episodes of dizziness but denies chest pain or syncope. The symptoms are more noticeable after mild exertion, such as climbing stairs. ECG Findings are significant for absence of P waves, irregular R-R intervals, and fibrillatory waves consistent with atrial fibrillation. You wanted to use CHA2DS2-VASc to assess stroke risk in patients with atrial fibrillation. Which of the following rightly describes the elements of the CHA2DS2-VASc score?

Timothy, a 72-year-old man, presents to the emergency department complaining of palpitations, shortness of breath, and fatigue. His medical history includes hypertension and coronary artery disease. An electrocardiogram (ECG) reveals an irregular rhythm with a rapid ventricular rate, consistent with atrial fibrillation. Q.Of the following what are the mechanisms for rate control in patients with atrial fibrillation A.Cardioversion B.Medications C.Both Correct answer is C. In patients with atrial fibrillation, rate control can be achieved with cardioversion, medication, or both. The decision is based on the clinical picture, time in atrial fibrillation, and shared decision-making.Which medications are first-line therapies for chronic rate control in atrial fibrillation?

Timothy, a 72-year-old man, presents to the emergency department complaining of palpitations, shortness of breath, and fatigue. His medical history includes hypertension and coronary artery disease. An electrocardiogram (ECG) reveals an irregular rhythm with a rapid ventricular rate, consistent with atrial fibrillation. Q.Of the following what are the mechanisms for rate control in patients with atrial fibrillation A.Cardioversion B.Medications C.Both Correct answer is C. In patients with atrial fibrillation, rate control can be achieved with cardioversion, medication, or both. The decision is based on the clinical picture, time in atrial fibrillation, and shared decision-making.Of the following, atrial fibrillation is associated with increased risk of which illnesses?

Timothy, a 72-year-old man, presents to the emergency department complaining of palpitations, shortness of breath, and fatigue. His medical history includes hypertension and coronary artery disease. An electrocardiogram (ECG) reveals an irregular rhythm with a rapid ventricular rate, consistent with atrial fibrillation. Q.Of the following what are the mechanisms for rate control in patients with atrial fibrillation A.Cardioversion B.Medications C.Both Correct answer is C. In patients with atrial fibrillation, rate control can be achieved with cardioversion, medication, or both. The decision is based on the clinical picture, time in atrial fibrillation, and shared decision-making.Of the following what are the mechanisms for rate control in patients with atrial fibrillation? 

A 68-year-old male with a history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes presents to the clinic with complaints of intermittent palpitations, fatigue, and shortness of breath for the past week. He reports occasional episodes of dizziness but denies chest pain or syncope. The symptoms are more noticeable after mild exertion, such as climbing stairs. ECG Findings are significant for absence of P waves, irregular R-R intervals, and fibrillatory waves consistent with atrial fibrillation. You wanted to use CHA2DS2-VASc score as part of your management of this patient.  What is the CHA2DS2-VASc score used to assess? 

Of the following, which pathogen is the most common cause of myocarditis?

Which of the following is the gold standard for the diagnosis of myocarditis?

A 34 year-old woman comes to the emergency room because she has been having shortness of breath, palpitations, and sweating for the last 3 weeks. Four weeks ago she had a mild fever for a whole week. Her travel history is significant for yearly trips to Colombia. Her most recent trip to Colombia was 4 months ago with her church group on a medical mission trip. She slept many nights in primitive living quarters in areas without protection from reduviid insects. In Colombia, she was treated for ‘some eye infection with swelling around the eyes’. Physical examination is significant for tachycardia and pericardial friction rub. You also notice bilateral pitting edema and enlarged abdomen. ECG reveals diffuse ST segment elevation with low QRS voltages. Echocardiogram shows dilated ventricles with systolic and diastolic dysfunction, and wall motion abnormalities. Laboratory tests in this patient would most likely show serologic evidence of antibodies to which of the following?