Introduction Choledocholithiasis refers to the presence of stones in the common bile duct (CBD). These stones can lead to biliary obstruction, cholangitis, or pancreatitis, necessitating timely diagnosis and management. The most common cause of obstructive jaundice is a bile duct stone. Etiology Primary stones: Form within the bile duct, usually pigment stones, associated with stasis, […]

Introduction Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of liver disorders characterized by excessive fat accumulation (>5% of hepatocytes) in the liver in the absence of significant alcohol consumption or secondary causes of fat accumulation. It encompasses simple steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Etiology Insulin […]

Introduction Hepatic Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome (HSOS), formerly known as veno-occlusive disease (VOD), is a condition marked by obstruction of small hepatic veins and sinusoids. This leads to liver dysfunction, portal hypertension, and systemic complications. It often occurs after chemotherapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Etiology Primary Causes: Chemotherapy/Radiotherapy: Particularly alkylating agents (e.g., cyclophosphamide, busulfan). […]

Introduction Obstruction of the common bile duct (CBD) occurs when the flow of bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum is blocked. This can lead to biliary stasis, jaundice, and potential complications such as cholangitis or pancreatitis. Etiology 1.Gallstones (choledocholithiasis): Most common cause. Choledocholithiasis refers to the presence of gallstones in the common […]

SUPERStudy: Hepatorenal Syndrome (HRS) Introduction Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a functional renal failure occurring in patients with severe liver disease, such as cirrhosis, advanced liver failure, or fulminant hepatic failure. It is characterized by renal vasoconstriction and impaired renal function without intrinsic kidney disease. Etiology Primary Causes: Advanced liver cirrhosis. Acute liver failure. Triggers: Spontaneous […]

SUPERStudy: Low Albumin as an Impediment to Diuresis in Chronic Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis The majority of patients with alcoholic hepatitis have underlying cirrhosis (80%). In patients with chronic alcoholic liver cirrhosis, low serum albumin plays a critical role in limiting the effectiveness of diuresis. Albumin, a protein synthesized by the liver, is essential for maintaining […]

SUPERStudy: Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH) Introduction Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic disorder characterized by ongoing hepatocellular necrosis and inflammation, often progressing to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver failure. It is associated with hypergammaglobulinemia, autoantibodies, and histological findings of interface hepatitis. Etiology Idiopathic: The exact cause is unknown. Immune Dysregulation: Triggered by environmental factors (e.g., infections, drugs) in […]

SUPERStudy: Hepatitis B  Introduction Hepatitis B is a liver infection caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV), a partially double-stranded DNA virus of the Hepadnaviridae family. It can cause both acute and chronic liver disease, leading to complications such as cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Etiology Causative agent: Hepatitis B virus (HBV). Transmission […]